General Overview
While traditional methods of enforcement and community vigilance remain vital, technology has become an indispensable tool in the 21st-century criminal justice system, significantly enhancing the effectiveness of law enforcement operations and crime prevention strategies[1]. The integration of modern computer systems and advanced software has significantly improved the capacity of criminal justice institutions to collect, store, analyze, and share data efficiently across agencies. Investigative techniques have become more cost-effective, while prosecutorial processes are increasingly expedited through the availability and accessibility of digital forms of evidence. These include surveillance systems and communication technologies, data analytics, facial and voice recognition technology, forensics techniques, fingerprint analysis, body sensors, and other technological innovations that support the swift and accurate administration of justice[2]. Law enforcement agencies, governments, and international organizations now leverage cutting-edge technology tools to detect, deter, and prosecute criminal activities. In Nigeria, as in many other jurisdictions, technology plays a pivotal role in enhancing security, improving forensic investigations, and ensuring the efficient delivery of justice.
This article examines the role of technology in law enforcement by reviewing existing literature and legal perspectives. It highlights the potential benefits and drawbacks of deploying technology in policing, as well as the practical challenges associated with its use. This discussion further explores various technological tools designed to enhance law enforcement and crime prevention. Recommendations are also provided to ensure that the adoption of technology in law enforcement aligns with principles of legality, accountability, and human rights.
Definition of Terms
- Technology: For this study, technology refers to the tools, methodologies, and systems developed and employed to facilitate crime detection, investigation, and prevention. This broad category includes, but is not limited to, forensic science techniques such as DNA profiling, fingerprint analysis; surveillance infrastructure, including Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras and unmanned Aerial vehicles (drones), digital forensic tools, big data analytics platform, artificial intelligence-driven solutions, biometric identification systems, and cybersecurity frameworks designed to safeguard digital infrastructure and combat crime[3].
- Law enforcement:Is the activity of some members of government or other social institutions who act in an organized manner to enforce the law by investigating, deterring, rehabilitating, or punishing people who violate the rules and norms governing a society[4].
- Crime Prevention: Crime prevention encompasses a range of strategies, measures, and interventions designed to reduce the occurrence of criminal activities, deter unlawful conduct, and promote public safety. It involves proactive approaches such as community-based policing, situational crime prevention techniques, focused law enforcement initiatives, and the integration of technological tools to identify, manage, and mitigate security risks and systemic vulnerabilities[5].
Technology has become an invaluable tool in combating crime for the following reasons:
Criminal justice technology encompasses a broad range of systems, tools, and innovations designed to improve the administration of justice. While some criminal justice professionals routinely engage with complex technological systems, others may require only minimal technological proficiency. Nevertheless, a comprehensive understanding of modern technological solutions is essential for any individual seeking a career in the criminal justice field and the prevention of crime. Below are some of the key technological advancements transforming the criminal justice system.
- Surveillance and Monitoring Technologies
Surveillance remains a cornerstone of modern law enforcement, with technological advancements greatly enhancing investigative and intelligence-gathering capabilities. Modern surveillance tools include facial recognition software, Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) systems, Automatic License Plate Recognition (ALPR) technology, and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (Drones). These innovations enable real-time monitoring of public spaces, support suspect identification, facilitate location tracking, and strengthen evidence collection. For example, in China, approximately 200,000 CCTV cameras have been tested with the capacity to alert law enforcement officials when groups of unwarranted individuals cluster at a certain location, thereby allowing rapid police response[6].
- Rapid Identification Systems
Mobile identification technologies now allow officers to collect biometric data, such as fingerprints, outside traditional custody environments. Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems minimize the need for transporting suspects, streamline identification procedures, and expedite investigative processes[7].
- Predictive Policing Tools
Predictive policing refers to the systematic collection and analysis of data from diverse sources to anticipate criminal activity, prevent offences, and enable law enforcement agencies to respond more effectively to potential threats. Predictive policing leverages big data and advanced algorithms to forecast criminal activity based on historical crime patterns and socio-economic data. These systems inform real-time decision-making, helping law enforcement agencies determine where, when, and how to deploy resources efficiently[8].
- Mobile and Cell Phone Technology
Mobile devices serve as versatile tools in the hands of law enforcement professionals. Their utility includes: Electronic documentation and report submissions, Real-time location tracking through digital footprints, Forensic analysis of call logs, text messages, and application data, Immediate communication with other units or dispatch centres, and Computer-Aided Dispatch (CAD) Systems. CAD systems process incoming information and help prioritize emergency calls, determine the most suitable responders, and coordinate multi-agency responses. These systems enhance efficiency, reduce response times, and improve inter-agency interoperability. Mobile technology would also aid the Nigerian public to report crimes to the nearest police station, receive alerts on new crime spot areas, query information about arrested individuals, and encourage community policing[9]
- Enhanced Body-Worn Cameras
Body-worn cameras are increasingly deployed to record interactions between law enforcement officers and members of the public. Widely adopted by state and local law enforcement agencies in the United States, these devices are primarily worn by officers engaged in duties involving open and direct contact with the public. Their use promotes transparency, enhances officer accountability, and provides critical evidentiary support in legal proceedings. Beyond their evidentiary function, body-worn cameras also serve as valuable technology tools, enabling agencies to evaluate officer performance and refine operational procedures[10].
- DNA Testing and Forensic Analysis Technology
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) technology is increasingly vital to ensuring accuracy and fairness in the criminal justice system. DNA testing can be used to identify criminals with incredible accuracy when biological evidence exists. It can be used to clear suspects and exonerate persons mistakenly accused or convicted of crimes. DNA evidence plays a critical role in criminal investigations, offering high levels of accuracy in linking suspects to crime scenes or exonerating the innocent. Recent advancements have expedited testing and reduced human error, with Artificial Intelligence (AI) being increasingly integrated to streamline DNA analysis processes[11].
- Biometric Technologies
Biometrics involves the measurement and analysis of physical characteristics. Common forms include: Fingerprints and Iris Scanning. Fingerprinting remains a staple of forensic investigations, particularly in cases where latent prints are recovered from crime scenes[12].
- Facial Recognition Software
Facial Recognition Software utilizes AI-driven algorithms to compare captured facial images with those stored in criminal databases. It is widely used in identity verification, fraud prevention, booking procedures, and detention management. The efficiency and accuracy of facial recognition software systems continue to increase with ongoing technological refinement[13]. In an interview with BBC, Assistant Chief of Miami Police Armando Aguilar said his team used facial recognition about 450 times a year and that it had helped solve several murders[14].
- Data Recovery Systems
Forensic data recovery tools allow investigators to retrieve deleted or hidden digital evidence from mobile phones, computers, and other electronic devices. This capability is particularly useful in cases involving cybercrime and fraud[15].
- Gunshot Detection Systems
Gunshot detection technologies use acoustic sensors to detect, locate, and report firearm discharges in real time. These systems are typically deployed in high-crime areas and significantly improve emergency response times. Data gathered from these sensors can be integrated into broader crime-mapping and predictive policing platforms[16].
- Social Media Monitoring Tools
Social media platforms are increasingly used by law enforcement and regulatory agencies, including the Department of Homeland Security and the Drug Enforcement Administration, as sources of actionable intelligence. Monitoring tools facilitate: Real-time observation of digital communications, Assessment of individuals and groups based on online behaviour, and enhanced situational awareness during public emergencies. Where legally authorized, such surveillance may include monitoring direct messages and user interactions[17].
Pros of Technology in Law Enforcement
Law enforcement agencies can utilize technology to support their daily responsibilities. One example of technology in crime prevention is the installation of traffic cameras, which can help reduce vehicle speed and enhance traffic safety.
- Enhanced Officer Safety
Technological tools significantly contribute to the safety and operational efficiency of law enforcement personnel. For instance, gunshot detection systems allow officers to identify the precise location of firearm discharges prior to arriving at a scene. This enables them to assess threats more accurately and take appropriate tactical measures, thereby reducing exposure to potentially life-threatening situations[18].
- Improve Suspect Identification and Tracking
Technologies such as facial recognition software, GPS tracking devices, and CCTV systems provide law enforcement agencies with advanced capabilities to locate and monitor suspects, without the need for direct physical intervention. These tools can expedite investigations and apprehensions[19].
For example, where a suspect escapes from detention and attempts to flee the country via an airport, surveillance systems equipped with facial recognition technology can quickly identify the individual, allowing for prompt re-apprehension by the authorities.
- Accurate Documentation of Police-Citizen Interactions
In high-pressure or volatile situations, it may be difficult for officers or witnesses to recall events with precision. The use of body-worn cameras and other surveillance technologies helps create a contemporaneous record of interactions between law enforcement officers and members of the public. These recordings can serve as credible evidence in judicial proceedings, assisting courts in determining the facts of a case. Furthermore, such documentation promotes accountability and can protect both law enforcement officers and civilians from false accusations or misconduct[20].
Cons of Technology in Law Enforcement
- Potential Infringement on Privacy Rights
The deployment of advanced surveillance technologies, such as tracking systems, facial recognition software, and automated monitoring tools, has raised significant concerns regarding the potential infringement on the privacy rights of citizens. Many individuals value the ability to engage in daily activities without being subjected to constant observation by government-operated systems. In some instances, these technologies may erroneously identify or implicate individuals who are not involved in criminal activity. Such errors can lead to unwarranted disruptions, reputational harm, or even legal consequences for innocent parties. Accordingly, data collected through these systems must be verified rigorously to prevent misuse or misidentification, thereby ensuring compliance with constitutional rights and principles of due process[21].
- Technical Glitches
While the use of technology enhances the accuracy and efficiency of information management, it also presents potential risks where technical failures occur. For instance, a system crash may result in the loss of significant evidence or information if not properly backed up[22].
- Financial Implications of Implementing Advanced Technologies
The integration of technological systems into law enforcement operations often entails substantial financial investment. City-wide or regional systems, such as gunshot detection sensors, surveillance infrastructure, or biometric databases, require significant capital for procurement, installation, and maintenance. Even ostensibly straightforward technologies, such as body-worn cameras, involve multiple cost components, including: Individual devices for each officer, Cloud-based platforms, Video review terminals, monitoring stations, and replacement parts, such as batteries and accessories.[23]
As the scope and scale of technological adoption increases, so does the financial burdens on law enforcement agencies. Nevertheless, many stakeholders argue that the long-term benefits, such as improved accountability, enhanced investigative efficiency, and public trust, may justify the initial and recurring expenditures.
- DNA Analysis:
DNA analysis technology has revolutionized criminal investigations by providing accurate identification of suspects and linking them to crime scenes. For example; A High Court in Igbosere, Lagos State, sentenced Dane, Peter Nielsen, to death by hanging for killing his wife, Zainab, and their daughter, Petra. A DNA analysis of nail scraping helped link Mr. Peter Nielsen to the murder charge. This and many other cases have helped uphold the constitutionality of collecting DNA samples from arrestees, expanding law enforcement’s ability to solve cold cases and prevent future crimes. However, concerns persist regarding the potential misuse of DNA databases and the privacy implications of storing individuals’ genetic information[24].
Challenges
- Technology Misuse and Technological Literacy
Advancements in technology have significantly enhanced the capacity of law enforcement agencies and support services to assist victims and prevent crime. These innovations facilitate more efficient investigations, improved response times, and proactive crime prevention strategies. However, the growing complexity and interconnectedness of modern technologies have simultaneously introduced new avenues for misuse, including unauthorized access, data breaches, and other forms of cyber interference. This dual effect underscores the need for strong technological literacy among stakeholders and the implementation of effective safeguards to mitigate risks associated with the misuse of digital tools[25]. - Corruption – Corruption obstructs the effective use of technology in Nigeria’s criminal justice system. Corrupt practices have significantly undermined efforts to integrate digital solutions in law enforcement and judicial processes. Resistance to adopting technological change and tools among law enforcement officers and judicial personnel remains a major barrier to technological advancement in Nigeria’s criminal justice system. Many officers viewed the introduction of digital policing tools, such as biometric identification and digital case tracking, as an unnecessary complication rather than an improvement[26].
- Data Integrity
Data integrity refers to the consistency, accuracy, and completeness of data throughout its entire lifecycle, encompassing processes such as data retrieval, transmission, storage, and processing within a system. Maintaining data integrity is essential for several reasons. First, it ensures the recoverability and traceability of information, which is critical for accountability and auditing purposes. Second, intelligent systems rely heavily on the quality of data upon which they are developed, maintained, and operated. Consequently, the reliability and accuracy of such systems are intrinsically linked to the integrity of the underlying data[27]. - Affordability: Lack of funding has been a major obstacle to implementing technology reforms in Nigeria’s justice system. Law enforcement agencies and courts have continued to struggle with outdated technology, making the criminal justice system slow and inefficient[28].
Recommendations
A well-defined and comprehensive legal framework is essential for the effective integration of digital technologies into law enforcement and judicial processes. However, the absence of clear, uniform policies regulating the use of technology in criminal investigations and court proceedings has significantly impeded progress in Nigeria’s criminal justice system.
To address these challenges, the government must formulate and implement comprehensive policies, biometric databases, and electronic case management systems across all law enforcement agencies and judicial institutions. These measures will ensure consistency, reliability, and technology-driven processes in criminal justice administration[29].
Furthermore, the enactment and enforcement of robust data protection laws are of paramount importance. At present, law enforcement agencies and judicial bodies operate without sufficient regulatory safeguards to protect sensitive digital information. Inter-agency collaboration is also critical to the successful deployment of technological tools. The establishment of a centralized national database for crime records would greatly improve coordination among the police, judiciary, correctional institutions, and other relevant stakeholders, fostering a more unified and effective criminal justice system[30].
In addition, the implementation of digital literacy and capacity-building programs is crucial. These initiatives will equip law enforcement officers, judicial personnel, and other stakeholders with the technical skills necessary to effectively utilize modern technologies. Research findings indicate that one of the most significant barriers to technology adoption within Nigeria’s criminal justice sector is the widespread lack of technical expertise among personnel. Addressing this gap through targeted training and professional development is vital to ensuring the successful integration and sustained use of technology in crime prevention, enforcement, investigation, and adjudication[31].
Conclusion
Technology has revolutionized law enforcement and crime prevention, but its use must comply with legal safeguards to prevent abuse. Nigeria’s legal framework, though progressive, requires continuous updates to align with global standards. International co-operation remains essential in combating transnational crimes through technology.
[1] https://www.adfsolutions.com/adf-blog/the-role-of-technology-in-crime-prevention > Accessed 30th July, 2025
[2] https://ivypanda.com/essays/technology-for-crime-prevention/ > Accessed 30th July, 2025
[3] https://enemsproject.wordpress.com/2024/11/03/the-role-of-technology-in-crime-investigation-and-prevention/ > Accessed August 1st, 2025
[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement > Accessed August 1st, 2025
[5] Ibid
[6] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335639455_Technological_Innovation_in_Crime_Prevention_in_Nigeria
[7]https://sondatech.com/rid/#:~:text=Rapid%20ID%20System%20is%20for,from%20any%20mobile%20biometric%20terminal > Accessed August 2nd , 2025
[8] https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/230414.pdf/Predictive Policing: The Future of Law Enforcement> Accessed 2nd August, 2025.
[9] www.gprjournals.org/use //Esther Addana Sade and Edwin Abiodun//use of mobile phones in Nigeria to prevent crime > August 1st, 2025
[10] https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/research-body-worn-cameras-and-law-enforcement > Accessed August 1st , 2025
[12]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324171717_Using_Biometric_in_Solving_Terroism_and_Crime_Activities_in_Nigeria
[13] https://www.adfsolutions.com/adf-blog/the-role-of-technology-in-crime-prevention?srsltid=AfmBOopFDd-OCAZo3towIVHuoYgl5DZ3A_BsmF6cXSF4rNFAFAXCxC1s > Accessed 1st August, 2025.
[14] https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65057011> Accessed 1st August, 2025
[15]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382411368_Computer_Forensics_Data_Recovery_Software_A_Comparative_Study
[16] https://www.husson.edu/online/blog/2023/09/technology-in-the-criminal-justice-field > Accessed July 31st, 2025
[17] https://sproutsocial.com/insights/social-media-monitoring-tools/> Accessed July 31st , 2025
[18] https://enemsproject.wordpress.com/2024/11/03/the-role-of-technology-in-crime-investigation-and-prevention/
[19] https://www.ijfans.org/uploads/paper/b6a0daedf6b3dbd5b27a59433d5386ac.pdf > Accessed July 31st, 2025
[20] https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/technology-in-law-enforcement > Accessed July 31st, 2025
[21] https://newhorizonsmessage.com/technology-in-the-justice-system/ > Accessed August 1st, 2025
[22] Ibid
[23] Ibid
[24] https://legalcyfle.in/role-of-technology-in-preventing-crimes > Accessed August 1st, 2025
[25] Diana Freed, Jackeline Palmer, Diana Minchala, Karen Levy, Thomas Riste part, and Nicola Dell. “a stalker’s
paradise”: How intimate partner abusers exploit technology. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human
Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’18, page 1–13, New York, NY, USA, 2018. Association for Computing.
[26] African Scholars Multidisciplinary Journal (ASMJ), Vol.10, June 2025. Pg.19 – 35 19 Challenges affecting the use of technology in Nigeria’s Criminal Justice system and way out > Accessed August 3rd, 2025.
[27]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349125315_The_Rise_of_Technology_in_Crime_Prevention_Opportunities_Challenges_and_Practitioners_Perspectives > Accessed August 1st, 2025
[28]https://www.google.com/search?q=challenges+in+the+implementation+of+technology+for+crime+prevention+in+Nigeria&oq=challenges+in+the+implementation+of+technology+for+crime+prevention > Accessed August 1st, 2025
[29] Adebayo and Okechukwu (2024); African Scholars Multidisciplinary Journal (ASMJ), Vol.10, June 2025. Pg.19 – 35 19 Challenges affecting the use of technology in Nigeria’s Criminal Justice system and way out > Accessed August 2nd, 2025
[30] International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering and Technology (IJMRET) www.ijmret.org Volume 2 Issue 3 ǁ July 2017; Using Technologies in Crime Prevention and Detection in Nigeria: Legal Issues and Challenges > Accessed August 2nd , 2025
[31]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349125315_The_Rise_of_Technology_in_Crime_Prevention_Opportunities_Challenges_and_Practitioners_Perspectives > Accessed August 1st, 2025.
Written by: Mercy Ejimofor (Miss)